Aravat Digital Academy – Tech Dictionary

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Technology that enables machines to mimic human thinking.

Algorithm

A step-by-step method for solving a problem.

API

A tool that allows software systems to communicate.

App

A program designed to perform specific tasks.

Application Server

Software that runs backend logic for apps.

Array

A list of items stored in order.

Authentication

Process of verifying user identity.

Autonomous System

Large network controlled by one entity.

Backend

Server-side logic that powers applications.

Bandwidth

Amount of data transferable per second.

Backup

Copy of data saved for recovery.

Big Data

Large, complex datasets analyzed for insights.

Binary

Number system of 0s and 1s used by computers.

Biometrics

Identity verification using physical traits.

Blockchain

A decentralized digital ledger.

Bluetooth

Short-range wireless communication tech.

Bootloader

Startup program that loads the OS.

Browser

Software used to access the web.

Bug

An error or flaw in software.

Cache

Temporary storage for quick access.

Cloud Computing

Using online servers to store or process data.

CMS

A system for managing website content.

Compiler

Tool that converts code into executable programs.

Compression

Reducing file size.

Cookie

Small file storing website user data.

CPU

Central Processing Unit, the computer’s brain.

Cybersecurity

Protection of systems against attacks.

Data Mining

Extracting useful patterns from data.

Database

Organized storage of data.

Data Center

Facility that houses servers and networks.

Data Science

Field that analyzes data to make decisions.

Data Structure

Organized way to store and manage data.

Debugging

Fixing errors in software.

Deep Learning

AI technique using neural networks.

Deployment

Releasing software into production.

DevOps

Combining development and operations for efficiency.

DNS

System that matches domain names to IP addresses.

Domain

Website address.

Download

Saving data from the internet to a device.

Driver

Software that helps hardware operate.

Edge Computing

Processing data near the source device.

Email Client

App for sending and receiving email.

Encryption

Converting data into a secure format.

Ethernet

Wired networking technology.

Exception

Error detected during program execution.

Export

Saving data into a downloadable form.

Fiber Optic

High-speed data transmission using light.

Firewall

Security system that blocks unsafe traffic.

Firmware

Permanent software controlling hardware.

Frontend

Visible part of a website or app.

FTP

Protocol for transferring files online.

Full Stack

Developer skilled in frontend and backend.

Gateway

Device that connects networks.

Git

Version control tool.

GitHub

Platform for managing code.

GPU

Graphics Processing Unit for visual tasks.

Hacker

Person who accesses systems; good or bad.

Hard Disk

Device that stores long-term data.

Hashing

Converting data into fixed-size values.

Hosting

Providing online space for websites.

HTML

Markup language for web pages.

HTTP

Web communication protocol.

HTTPS

Secure version of HTTP.

Hybrid App

App built for both web and mobile.

Hyperlink

Clickable link to another page.

IaaS

Cloud service providing virtual hardware.

ICMP

Protocol for network diagnostics.

IDE

Software for writing code.

Indexing

Optimizing data for fast search.

Information Architecture

Structuring content for usability.

Input Device

Device that sends data to a computer.

IP Address

Unique number assigned to a device.

IoT

Network of connected everyday devices.

Java

Programming language for apps.

JavaScript

Language that powers interactive websites.

JSON

Data exchange format.

Kernel

Core of the operating system.

LAN

Local network in a building.

Latency

Delay before data transfer starts.

Linux

Open-source operating system.

Load Balancer

Tool that spreads traffic across servers.

Localhost

Computer’s local server address.

Logic Gate

Hardware building block for computing.

Loop

Structure that repeats actions in code.

Machine Learning

AI that learns from data.

Malware

Malicious software.

Manual Testing

Testing software without automation.

Metadata

Data describing other data.

Migration

Moving data or apps between systems.

Mobile App

Software for smartphones.

Modem

Device connecting internet to a network.

MongoDB

NoSQL database.

Motherboard

Main circuit board of a computer.

MP4

Video file format.

Multithreading

Running multiple tasks simultaneously.

Nano Technology

Tech at the scale of atoms.

Native App

App built for a specific device OS.

Network

Connected computers sharing data.

Node.js

JavaScript runtime for servers.

Noise

Unwanted signals in communication.

OAuth

Secure authorization framework.

Object-Oriented Programming

Programming based on objects.

OCR

Tool converting images to text.

Offline Storage

Storing data without internet.

On-Premise

Software hosted locally.

Open Source

Software whose code is public.

Operating System

Software that manages hardware.

Packet

Small chunk of transmitted data.

Password Manager

Tool that stores passwords securely.

Path

File’s exact location.

PDF

Portable Document Format.

Penetration Testing

Testing systems for vulnerabilities.

PHP

Server-side scripting language.

Phishing

Fraud attempt to steal information.

Pixel

Smallest element of a digital image.

Plugin

Add-on that extends functionality.

Port

Channel through which data enters a system.

Proxy Server

Server that hides your identity online.

Python

Popular programming language.

QR Code

Square code storing information.

Ransomware

Malware that locks data for payment.

React

JavaScript framework for UIs.

Repository

Storage for code.

Responsive Design

Web design that adjusts to screens.

REST API

API using HTTP principles.

Router

Device directing network traffic.

Runtime

Environment where a program executes.

SaaS

Cloud software accessible online.

Scalability

Ability to handle increased load.

Script

Short program executed automatically.

SEO

Improving website visibility on search engines.

Server

Computer that provides services.

Session

Temporary user interaction period.

Shell

Interface to interact with OS commands.

SMTP

Email sending protocol.

Software

Programs that run on hardware.

Source Code

Human-readable program instructions.

Spam

Unwanted messages.

SQL

Language for querying databases.

SSD

Fast data storage drive.

Stack

Collection of technologies used together.

Standalone App

App running independently.

Subnet

Segment of a larger network.

Syntax

Rules defining code structure.

TCP

Reliable data transfer protocol.

Terminal

Text interface for commands.

Token

Digital key for authentication.

UI

User Interface.

UX

User Experience.

URL

Address of a web resource.

User Agent

Software identifying a browser or device.

Variable

Storage placeholder in programming.

Version Control

Tracking code changes.

Virtual Machine

Software-based computer.

Virus

Destructive program that spreads.

VPN

Service that hides your online activity.

VR (Virtual Reality)

Computer-generated immersive world.

Webhook

Automatic message sent between systems.

Wi-Fi

Wireless network technology.

XML

Data format for structured documents.

ZIP File

Compressed folder.

Access Control

Permissions that restrict system access.

Ad Blocker

Tool that stops ads from loading.

Address Bus

System carrying memory addresses.

Adware

Software displaying unwanted ads.

Agile

Flexible approach to software development.

AirGap

Computer isolated from networks.

Ajax

Web technique for asynchronous updates.

Amplitude

Strength of a signal.

Android

Mobile operating system by Google.

Anonymization

Removing personal data from records.

ANSI

Standards organization for programming.

Apache

Popular web server software.

Applet

Small application run inside a webpage.

Archiving

Storing inactive data long-term.

Artificial Neural Network

AI inspired by the brain.

ATM Switch

High-speed network device.

Attachment

File sent with an email.

Audit Log

Record of system events.

Autoscaling

Automatic server resource adjustment.

Avatar

Digital representation of a user.

Backdoor

Secret entry into a system.

Baseline

Reference point for performance.

Batch Processing

Executing tasks in groups.

Biometric Authentication

Login with fingerprints or face.

Bitrate

Amount of data processed per second.

Bluetooth Low Energy

Energy-efficient Bluetooth version.

Bot

Automated software agent.

Bounty Program

Reward for finding bugs.

Breakpoint

Pause in code for debugging.

Bridge

Device connecting two networks.

Broadcast

Sending data to all nodes.

Browser Cache

Stored site data for speed.

Buffered Data

Temporarily stored before processing.

C2 Server

Control server used by malware.

Canonical URL

Preferred webpage address.

Captcha

Test to verify human users.

Changelog

Record of software updates.

Checksum

Data integrity value.

Click Rate

Percentage of link clicks.

Clipboard

Temporary copy-paste storage.

Cloudflare

Web performance and security service.

Cluster

Group of servers working together.

Cold Boot

Starting computer from power-off.

Command Line

Text interface for commands.

Commit

Saving changes to a repository.

Comparator

Device comparing two signals.

Compiler Error

Error preventing program build.

Component

Reusable UI or system module.

Concurrent

Processes running simultaneously.

Container

Portable packaged software environment.

Content Delivery Network

System delivering content fast.

Control Panel

Admin interface for settings.

Cookie Policy

Rules on collecting browser cookies.

Crash

Unexpected program failure.

Cross Platform

Works on multiple OSes.

Cursor

Pointer controlled by mouse.

Data Lake

Storage for raw data.

Data Packet

Small piece of transmitted data.

Data Pipeline

Automated data processing flow.

Data Visualization

Presenting data using charts.

Deadlock

Processes stuck waiting for each other.

Default Gateway

Network exit point.

Defragmentation

Rearranging disk files for speed.

Denial-of-Service

Attack causing service shutdown.

Desktop App

Application installed on a computer.

Digital Literacy

Ability to use digital technologies.

Digital Signature

Electronic form of authentication.

Disk Partition

Section of a storage drive.

Distributed System

System spread across machines.

DNS Server

System resolving domain names.

Document Object Model

Tree representation of web pages.

Download Manager

Tool for faster downloads.

Dual Boot

Running two operating systems.

Dynamic IP

IP address that changes.

Edge Browser

Microsoft’s web browser.

Email Verification

Confirming ownership of an email.

Emoji

Small icons expressing emotion.

Emulator

Software that mimics hardware.

Enterprise Network

Large business network.

Entry Point

Where program execution begins.

EtherChannel

Combined Ethernet links.

Executable

File that runs a program.

Failover

Automatic system switch on failure.

File System

Method for storing files.

Firmware Update

Upgrade for device firmware.

Flash Memory

Fast storage memory.

Form Validation

Checking form inputs.

Frame Rate

Speed of video playback.

Gateway IP

Router’s address.

Geolocation

Identifying device location.

GitLab

Platform for DevOps and code hosting.

GPU Acceleration

Using GPU for faster computation.

GSM

Mobile communication standard.

Hard Reset

Restoring factory settings.

HDMI

Cable for audio/video output.

Heap Memory

Dynamic memory allocation.

Hotspot

Wireless internet access point.

Identity Provider

Service verifying identities.

Import

Bringing external data into a program.

Increment

Increasing a value.

IndexedDB

Browser-based database.

Inheritance

OOP concept for extending classes.

Inkjet Printer

Printer that sprays ink.

Input Lag

Delay between action and response.

Instance

Object created from a class.

Integer

Whole number in programming.

Interactive UI

Interface responding to user actions.

Internet Protocol

Rules for sending data online.

Intrusion Detection

Monitoring for unsafe activity.

IronPython

Python version built on .NET.

Iteration

Repeating code steps.

JDK

Java Development Kit.

Jira

Project management tool.

Joystick

Gaming control device.

JPG

Image format.

Kernel Panic

Critical system crash.

Keystroke

A key press on a keyboard.

KPI

Performance measurement metric.

LAN Cable

Ethernet cable.

Latency Spike

Sudden delay increase.

Leaking Memory

Unused memory not released.

Link Preview

Automatic website preview.

Load Testing

Testing under heavy use.

Local Storage

Browser-based storage.

Log File

Record of events.

Login Attempt

Trying to access an account.

Lossless Compression

Compression without quality loss.

MAC Address

Unique network device ID.

Machine Code

Binary instructions for CPUs.

Macro

Automated task sequence.

Mainframe

Powerful enterprise computer.

Malicious Script

Code meant to harm systems.

Manual Backup

User-triggered data backup.

Maximize

Expand window size.

Media Server

Server for video/audio streaming.

Memory Card

Portable digital storage.

Middleware

Software connecting multiple systems.

Migration Script

Program that moves data.

Mini PC

Small form-factor computer.

Mirroring

Exact data duplication.

Mobile Hotspot

Sharing phone internet.

Modular Design

System made of independent modules.

Monolith

Large all-in-one system.

Monitor Resolution

Number of pixels displayed.

Multi-Factor Authentication

Login with two or more verifications.

Multimedia

Combining text, audio, video.

Nanosecond

One billionth of a second.

Namespace

Container for organizing code.

NAS

Network storage device.

Navigation Bar

Menu for moving around a site.

Near Field Communication

Short-range wireless communication.

Netmask

Defines network and host portions.

Network Adapter

Device enabling network access.

Network Latency

Delay in data transmission.

Node

Point in a network.

Noise Cancellation

Tech that reduces unwanted sound.

Notebook Computer

Lightweight portable computer.

Null Value

Represents 'no data'.

Object Cache

Memory storing repeated data.

Offline Mode

Functioning without internet.

One-Time Password

Temporary login code.

OpenGL

Graphics rendering API.

Operating Frequency

Speed of hardware operation.

Optical Drive

Device reading CDs/DVDs.

Output Device

Sends information outwards.

Overlay Network

Virtual network on top of another.

Packet Loss

Dropped data in transmission.

Page Speed

Website loading time.

Pagination

Splitting content into pages.

Parallel Processing

Multiple tasks at once.

Parameter

Argument passed to a function.

Partition Key

Identifier for database sharding.

Patch

Software fix.

Payload

Actual transmitted data.

Peer-to-Peer

Direct sharing between devices.

Performance Tuning

Optimizing system performance.

Permission Set

Group of access rights.

Ping

Network connectivity test.

Pipeline

Series of automated tasks.

Pixel Density

Number of pixels per inch.

Plain Text

Unformatted text.

Pointer

Variable storing memory address.

Polymorphism

OOP ability for different behavior.

Port Forwarding

Redirecting network traffic.

Power Cycle

Turning device off and on.

Predictive Analytics

Using data to predict outcomes.

Press-and-Hold

Long touch input.

Primary Key

Unique identifier in a table.

Process Scheduler

Allocates CPU time.

Protocol

Rules for communication.

Proxy Request

Internet request through proxy.

Quad-Core

CPU with four cores.

Query

Request for information from a database.

Queue

Ordered list of tasks.

RAM

Temporary working memory.

Raw Data

Unprocessed data.

Ray Tracing

Realistic graphics rendering.

Reboot

Restart a device.

Recordset

Set of database records.

Refactoring

Improving code structure.

Regression Testing

Testing after changes.

Release Build

Final production version.

Remote Access

Controlling device from afar.

Renewal

Extending subscription or license.

Replica Set

Redundant database copies.

Resolution

Clarity of images.

Restore Point

Saved system state.

Retry Logic

Automatic operation retry.

Reversible Encryption

Encrypted data that can be decrypted.

RGB

Color model using Red, Green, Blue.

Rich Text

Formatted text.

Ring Topology

Circular network layout.

Rollback

Undoing recent changes.

Root Directory

Top-level folder.

Router Table

Rules for sending packets.

Runtime Error

Error during execution.

Sanitization

Cleaning unsafe data.

Scalable Vector Graphics

XML-based image format.

Schema

Database blueprint.

Screenshot

Capture of screen content.

Scripting Language

Language for automation.

Scroll Bar

Tool to move page vertically.

Search Index

Database for fast searching.

Secure Boot

Firmware verifying trusted software.

Seek Time

Disk head movement duration.

Semaphore

Concurrency control structure.

Session Timeout

Auto logout after inactivity.

Shadow DOM

Encapsulated DOM subtree.

Shared Hosting

Many sites on one server.

Shell Script

Automated terminal commands.

Shortcode

Quick command in CMS.

Signal Strength

Quality of wireless connection.

Single Sign-On

Login to multiple apps once.

Slug

URL-friendly text.

Snapshot

Instant copy of system state.

Soft Copy

Digital version of a document.

Software Patch

Update fixing issues.

Solid State Relay

Electronic switching device.

Spam Filter

Detects unwanted messages.

Spider Bot

Search engine crawler.

Splitter

Device dividing signals.

SQL Injection

Database hacking attack.

Stack Overflow

Too many nested calls error.

Static Website

Non-changing site pages.

Storage Server

Dedicated file server.

Stream

Continuous data transmission.

Subroutine

Reusable block of code.

Swap Space

Extra virtual memory.

Sync

Make data identical across devices.

Syntax Error

Incorrect code format.

System Call

Program requesting OS service.

Tablet

Touchscreen portable computer.

Task Manager

Tool managing active processes.

TCP/IP

Internet communication protocols.

Telemetry

Automatic data collection.

Template Engine

Generates dynamic content.

Terminal Emulator

Software replicating terminal.

Test Case

Scenario for software testing.

Thermal Paste

Heat transfer material for CPUs.

Thread Pool

Group of threads ready for tasks.

Throttling

Limiting system performance.

Thumbnail

Small image preview.

Time Stamp

Recorded date and time.

Tokenization

Breaking text into small parts.

Touchpad

Laptop pointing device.

Traceroute

Shows network path.

Trackpad Sensitivity

Response speed to touch.

Traffic Shaping

Controlling network bandwidth.

Transistor

Basic electronic switching device.

Trusted Device

Recognized login device.

TTL (Time To Live)

Packet lifespan.

Two-Way Sync

Bi-directional syncing.

UI Component

Reusable interface element.

Undo Command

Reverses last action.

Unicode

Character encoding standard.

Update Patch

Small system update.

Upload

Sending data to the internet.

UPS

Backup power supply.

URL Encoding

Converting characters for URLs.

USB

Universal connector for devices.

User Input

Data entered by user.

User Role

Permissions assigned to a user.

Validation Rule

Input requirement.

Version Upgrade

Major software update.

Virtual Keyboard

On-screen typing tool.

Virtual LAN

Software-based network grouping.

Virtual Memory

Extra memory on storage.

Virus Scan

Checking for malware.

Voice Assistant

AI that responds to speech.

VoIP

Voice communication over internet.

Vulnerability Scan

Checking for security gaps.

Web App

App running in a browser.

Web Framework

Tools for building websites.

Web Hosting

Storing websites on servers.

Web Server

Delivers web pages.

WebSocket

Real-time communication protocol.

Whitelist

Approved items only.

Widget

Interactive small tool.

WiFi Extender

Boosts wireless signal.

Worm

Self-spreading malware.

Write Access

Permission to modify files.

XML Parser

Reads XML documents.

YAML

Human-readable data format.

Zero-Day

Unknown software vulnerability.

Zoom Level

Magnification setting.

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